![]() ![]() In 1905 Einstein published four seminal papers in the same journal. It was submitted in late 1900 and was published in 1901. It was titled Folgerungen aus den Capillaritätserscheinungen, which translates as Conclusions from the capillarity phenomena, found in volume 4, page 513. However, for a 2 cm wide tube, the water would rise 1.4 mm and for tube with radius 0.2 mm, the water would rise 14 cm (about 6 inches).Īlbert Einstein's first paper submitted to Annalen der Physik was on capillarity. Thus for a 2 m wide (1 m radius) tube, the water would rise an unnoticeable 0.014 mm. Therefore, the height of the water column is given by: g is acceleration due to gravity (m/s²)įor a water-filled glass tube in air at sea level,.is the liquid-air surface tension (J/m² or N/m).With notes on the dimension in SI units, the height h of a liquid column ( m) is given by: Dissolved solutes travel with the solvent at various speeds depending on their polarity. These are often referred to as wicking fabrics, presumably after the capillary properties of a candle wick.Ĭhemists utilize capillary action in thin layer chromatography, in which a solvent moves vertically up a plate via capillary action. Some modern sport and exercise fabrics, such as Coolmax, use capillary action to "wick" sweat away from the skin. The small pores of a sponge act as small capillaries, causing it to adsorb a comparatively large amount of fluid. Paper towels absorb liquid through capillary action, allowing a fluid to be transferred from a surface to the towel. Differences in soil matric potential ( Ψ m) drive capillary action in soil.Ĭapillary action is also essential for the drainage of constantly produced tear fluid from the eye, two canalicula of tiny diameter are present in the inner corner of the eyelid, also called the lacrymal ducts their openings can be seen with the naked eye within the lacrymal sacs when the eyelids are everted. Capillary action is responsible for moving groundwater from wet areas of the soil to dry areas. In hydrology, capillary action describes the attraction of water molecules to soil particles. With some pairs of materials, such as mercury and glass, the interatomic forces within the liquid exceed those between the solid and the liquid, so a convex meniscus forms and capillary action works in reverse. Actual observations show shorter total distances. For example, a glass capillary tube 0.5 mm in diameter will lift a theoretical 2.8 cm column of water. The weight of the liquid column is proportional to the square of the tube's diameter, but the contact length (around the edge) between the liquid and the tube is proportional only to the diameter of the tube, so a narrow tube will draw a liquid column higher than a wide tube. Surface tension pulls the liquid column up until there is a sufficient mass of liquid for gravitational forces to overcome the intermolecular forces. When the lower end of a vertical glass tube is placed in a liquid such as water, a concave meniscus forms. The same effect is what causes porous materials such as sponges to soak up liquids.Ī common apparatus used to demonstrate capillary action is the capillary tube. ![]() The effect causes a concave meniscus to form where the substance is touching a vertical surface. It occurs when the adhesive intermolecular forces between the liquid and a substance are stronger than the cohesive intermolecular forces inside the liquid. The standard reference is to a tube in plants but can be seen readily with porous paper. ![]() (August 2007)Ĭapillary action, capillarity, capillary motion, or wicking is the ability of a substance to draw another substance into it. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. This article needs additional citations for verification. ![]() This article is about the physical phenomena capillary action. ![]()
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